Effect of bioactive compounds extracted from euphorbious plants on hematological and biochemical parameters of Channa punctatus / Efeito de compostos bioativos extraídos de plantas eufórbicas sobre os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos da Channa punctatus

Channa punctatus was exposed to four different concentrations of Rutin, Taraxerol and Apigenin. Changes in some hematological parameters of Channa punctatus were assessed to determine the influence of these compounds on test fish. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations (80 percent of LC50 of 24h) of these compounds for one week. Control fish were also administered for one week. Thereafter, blood samples were obtained from the control and experimental fish. Blood was assayed for selected hematological parameters (hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count total plasma protein and plasma glucose concentration). The derived hematological indices of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were calculated. Sublethal concentrations of these compounds caused a dose dependent decrease in hemoglobin values coupled with a decrease in hematocrit values and red blood cell counts are an obvious indication of anemia. The total white blood cell counts and the differential white blood cell counts were decreased except for the lymphocytes, where there was a slight increase. Plasma protein and glucose were also lower in exposed fish when compared with control. The hematological indices MCH, MCHC, MCV were also lowered. The result from this study reveals high mortality rate and deleterious consequences on the health of fish subjected to acute exposure of Rutin, Taraxerol and Apigenin and therefore, should not be used directly in aquaculture without having the proper knowledge.

Channa punctatus foi exposta a quatro diferentes concentrações de Rutina, Taraxerol e Apigenina. Alterações de alguns parâmetros hematológicos da Channa punctatus foram acessados para determinar a influência destes compostos no peixe teste. Peixes foram expostos a concentrações sub-letais (80 por cento 0f LC50 em 24h) destes compostos por uma semana. Os peixes controles foram também expostos durante uma semana. A seguir, amostras de sangue foram obtidas do peixe controle e do experimental. O sangue foi estudado por parâmetros hematológicos selecionados (hematócrito, hemoglobina, contagem de células vermelhas e brancas, proteína plasmática total e concentração de glucose plasmática). Os índices hematológicos derivados da média da concentração corpuscular da hemoglobina (MCHC), a média de hemoglobina corpuscular (MCH) e a média de volume corpuscular (MCV), foram calculados. Concentrações sub-letais destes compostos causaram decréscimo dose-dependente dos valores da hemoglobina unidos a decréscimo de valores de hematócrito e das contagens de células sanguíneas vermelhas o que caracteriza indicação óbvia de anemia. As contagens totais de células brancas e a contagem diferencial destas células estavam diminuídas exceto pelos linfócitos que mostraram leve aumento. A proteína plasmática e a glicose estavam também baixas nos peixes expostos quando comparados com o controle. Os índices hematológicos MCH, MCHC, MCV estavam também diminuídos. Os resultados deste estudo revelam alto percentual de mortalidade e conseqüências deletérias à saúde de peixes submetidos à exposição aguda de Rutina, Talaxerol e Apigenina e portanto eles não devem ser usados diretamente em aquacultura sem conhecimento apropriado.

Isolation and quantificative analysis of oleanolic acid from Satureja mutica fisch and C.A. Mey

Satureja mutica [Lamiaceae] is an herbaceous plant which grows in North- West of Iran. Oleanolic acid has been previously isolated from some Lamiaceae genus and showed a broad range of biological activities. Besides Silphium spp., Panax quinquefolium root and Calendula officinalis flower as the interesting source of oleanolic acid used in the herbal industry, here we report the isolation and quantitative evaluation of oleanolic acid, as one of the major constituents in S. mutica. Dried aerial parts of S. mutica were successively extracted with diethyl ether. This extract was used for further isolation on silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 1. Isolated compound was identified based on the spectral data of 1H- NMR, [13]CNMR and Mass spectroscopy. Densitometric analysis of the developed plate of TLC was carried out to quantify the oleanolic acid using TLC scanner. Isolated compound [1] was structural elucidated as oleanolic acid and its NMR data showed good agreement with the reference data mentioned in literature. Spectrodensitometric analysis showed that the band characterized by absorption maximum of oleanolic acid was placed at lambda max = 270 nm without derivatization. The contents of oleanolic acid are calculated 17.5 mg in 100 g of S. mutica leaves based on dry weight. Oleanolic acid is a ubiquitous triterpenoid in plant kingdom, medicinal herbs, and is integral part of the human diet. Densitometric analysis is the accurate, selective, and precise method which can be used for routine quality control analysis and quantitative determination of oleanolic acid in Lamiaceae plants specially Satureja species, as one of the industrial source of this compound

Studies on the chemical constituents of the roots of Rhododendron molle G. Don / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The compounds from the root of Rhododendron molle G. Don were isolated, purified by various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were identified according to the physical and chemical features and spectral data. Three compounds were separated from the root of Rhododendron molle G. Don and identified as Rhodojaponin-III, taraxerol, beta-sitosterol for the first time.

Determinación espectrofotometrica de ácido oleanólico y saponinas de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd, variedad Kancolla) / Spectrophotometric determination of oleanolic acid and saponins from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd, Kancolla variety)

Las saponians de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd., variedad Kancolla) fueron extraídas por reflujo con una mezcla de metanol-agua (4:1). Una vez evaporado el metanol, el residuo remanente fue tratado siguiendo el método de Honerlagen y Tretter con sólo pequeñas modificaciones. Luego, el extracto se sometió a hidrólisis con ácido sulfúrico 12/N en un sistema dioxano-agua (1:1) a 110-C por 15 horas. Las sapogeninas se extrajeron con cloroformo, concentradas, y algunos microlitros (equivalente a 121 mg de quinua) se sembraron contra un estándar de ácido oleanólico sobre placas de silicagel, siendo desarrollado con una mezcla de cloroformo-acetobabenceno (80:20:10; v/v). Las manchas se localizaron con vapores de yodo, y la banda cuyo Rf similar a la del ácido oleanólico, s eseparó e introdujo en una columna de vidrio; eluida con cloroformo, secada y disuelta en 1 ml de ácido acético glacial, fue tratada con 4 ml de una mezcla de ácido sulfúrico - ácido acético glacial (1:1; v/v), calentada en baño maría a 60-C por 25 minutos, enfriada y llevada al espectrofotómetro donde se leyó a 527 mm contra un blanco. Bajo las mismsa condiciones, el ácido oleanólico empleado como estándar mostró una linearidad en el rango de 60 a 480 microgramos. El porcentaje de ácido oleanólico ha sido determinado en quinua (0.269 ñ 0.25) y su contenido de saponinas fue estimado usando un factor de conversión establecido por cromatografía de gas y expresado en la siguiente rlación: % Saponinas = (8.5204) x (% Acido oleanólico). Las sapogneinas estraídas - analizadas por este método - acusaron un error de 10.7% en relación a su determinación por cromatografía de gas